Student Information System - 6572 Words

CHAPTER I RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Notably, student information system or SIS incurs such application software designed for educational establishments to manage student data. Student information systems provide capabilities for entering student test and other assessment scores, building student schedules, tracking student attendance as well as managing many other student-related data needs within the institution university. Thus, many of these systems applied in the Philippines can be scaled to different levels of activity and can be configured by their home institutions to meet local needs. Moreover, before universities have created their own bespoke student record systems, but with growing complexity†¦show more content†¦It will be easier for them to access and store the information of the students through the system and have own privacy and security to there information. It is also possible to the school to attract students because it has well-organized system. To the school. The system will be very useful to the school it can save more time in store and prepare information in the system also less effort. To the future researchers. Those who take on a similar research, this study will persuade them to maintain and go on with more analysis on the same study. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following provides a definition of important terminologies for more clarity in the understanding of the study. Program - It is collections of instructions in manipulating data. Security - Refers to techniques for ensuring that data stored in a computer cannot be changed or compromised. System - Set of detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out the specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. Student Information Systems (SIS) manage student records and information Database- a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed manage and updated. Local host-(meaning â€Å"this computer†) is the standard host name given to the address of the loop back network interface. System- is a group of interacting, for an interrelated or interdependent elements complex whole. System Analysis Design- is the study of set ofShow MoreRelatedStudent Information System Is A Application For Educational Establishments1501 Words   |  7 PagesStudent information system is a software application for educational establishments that help manage student data. Colleges and universities all strive to make sure that their students will gain experience and knowledge and have the skills that will enable them to fulfill their professional aspirations. The organization that I have selected is the institute that I work for, Central Texas College. Central Texas College is just one of the many institutions all around the globe that have partnered withRead MoreInformation Systems For International Students2786 Words   |  12 PagesSince all of us in our group are international students and a few of us are in our first semester at Swinburne, it was almost impossible for us to find an Information Systems Manager and would like to thank Jason for leading us to Mr. Mim Saznus. W e understand that we are required to draw a direct correlation between what we’ve learnt in lectures and textbooks and see if we could relate it to challenges that Information Systems Managers face in the real world or see how much of a gap we have betweenRead MoreComputerised Management Information System in Students Result and Transcript Computation1428 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPUTERISED MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN STUDENTS RESULT AND TRANSCRIPT COMPUTATION 1James Agajo 2Ogedengbe Emmanuel 3Bagudu Igbekele Federal Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: This work proffers solution to the problem associated with the old conventional way of manual generation and issuance of transcript, Automated transcript system addresses the problem of excessive paper work, delay in transcript issuanceRead MoreThe Impact of Educational Management Information System to Student of Computer Science in Nigeria Higher Institution of Learning4518 Words   |  19 PagesInformation systems From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Informing science. Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[1][2][3][4][5] The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business modelsRead MoreSrs for Student Information System2346 Words   |  10 PagesCollege of Computer Science Engineering Department of Computer Science Orientation Students Information System . . . . . . . . . . OSIS Software Requirements Specifications Semester 011 Prepared by Majed Al-Sehli, 972049 Mohammad Al-Harbi, 972031 Prepared for Dr. Abdullah Al-Sukairi Saturday, October 20, 2001 CONTENTS CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............Read MoreSms Based Information Student Information System3380 Words   |  14 PagesTeaching Information Systems Development with SMS Chris Wallace Information Systems School Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences University of the West of England Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY chris.wallace@uwe.ac.uk Abstract ‘Texting’ or SMS mobile phone messaging is rapidly increasing in business and community use. This paper discusses the inclusion of SMS technology in the teaching of Information Systems Development. It is argued that SMS has advantages in terms ofRead MoreComputerized Profiling System4130 Words   |  17 Pagesrecent years, the increased flexibility and user-friendliness of computer databases make these systems a crucial business component. In fact, some universities are now using Computer Database Management System for a faster and safer manifestation of data. However, the Office of the Student Services of Southern Leyte State University-Tomas Oppus encounters a problem of maintaining and recovering student profiles using the manual data processing. Manual processing is known for its accurate resultsRead MoreIntroduction for Research Example3481 Words   |  14 Pagesenrolled students from 1st year to 4th year, since their records are stored in the file cabinet, it is hard for them to search or to fund the students’ records. It is time consuming because they have to look for a certain record among the others files in the storage. In updating the records of the students, they need to check the existing records. The developed system Student Information System for Quezon-Roxas High School will be a great help for the academe to easily manage faculty and students recordRead MoreCashiering System3317 Words   |  14 PagesCSLRM COMPUTERIZED CASHIERING SYSTEM A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Computer Studies Colegio De San Lorenzo Ruiz De Manila, Inc. In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Proponents Berame, Joseca Leslie, Salindayao Siervo, Sheryll Cardenas, Ma. Cristina Dr. Rolando Lansigan Adviser CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Colegio de San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila is currently using a manual way of recording, computing and storingRead MoreSample Documentation for Student Information System933 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 Introduction Interest in information system has increased during the recent years not only in education but also in all areas where resources are managed. Student information system has always been a difficult task, but it is more so today than ever before, where administrators uses the traditional way of filing records on a cabinet. As the population of the students goes up, it is becoming more complex. Data should be stored in safer places, and can be retrieved easily and fast when someone

Cathedral Essay - 685 Words

Cathedral The story is about a blind man who visits a married couple. He is an old friend of the wife, but the husband does not look forward to see the blind man (called Robert) because he does not know what to expect. He has never known any blind persons and his picture of these is based on a very little foundation. He has a lot of prejudices against Robert, but during his visit he changes his opinion about him. While watching TV together they get each other to know better and the husband finds out that he actually likes his company. They watch a program about cathedrals and while talking about cathedrals, Robert says that he does not even know how a cathedral looks like. The husband tries to explain what a cathedral is and how it is†¦show more content†¦Maybe he realises that even though he has read something in a book it does not necessarily give you the right impression of whatever is described. You have to discover something yourselves and make your own experiences. He has no fri ends and therefore he probably does not experience so much. Considering the fact that he has never known any blind persons it is a matter of course that he feels unsafe. At the same time he probably feels jealous because of the recently death of Robertamp;#8217;s wife and therefore he is very hesitating about his visit. After a while he has found out that Robert is almost like other people and his relation to him changes radically. He understands how important it is to have somebody to talk to and he learns to appreciate company. As his wife said in the beginning he has no friends, but after talking to Robert I am sure that he has learned to look at other people in a different way. I also think that feeling sorry for people with handicaps is an important theme in this short story. When you see a person in a wheelchair many people automatically step to the side to let the person pass, open doors for him/her etc.. I think there is no reason to do this. I know that people do it to be friendly towards the person, they think his helpless, but the fact is that they can do much more than people think they can. It is very difficult for a disabled person to face the fact that theyShow MoreRelatedCathedral684 Words   |  3 PagesCathedral It is an ongoing problem that people are narrow-minded and have preconceptions. It does no one good and is an obstacle in your everyday life. By closing your eyes, the other senses, like feeling, hearing and smelling, tune in and take over. A lot can be learned from these senses and new truths can be unrevealed. In the short story Cathedral, the main character stops his prejudices and sees a new truth. The short story Cathedral takes place in the 1990s in a married couple’s house inRead MoreThe Cathedral Of Canterbury Cathedral1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe word Cathedral is a Latin word for chair â€Å"Cathedra† which was taken from the Greek ‘Kathedra’ meaning seat. The Canterbury Cathedral is located in England, United Kingdom. The Cathedral is one of the most famous and oldest Christian structures in England. 597 AD was the founding of Canterbury Cathedral. The cathedral’s physical context is located in a sprawl area meaning there is low density residential, there are many other attractions around such as the theatre,hotel and museum. Saint AugustineRead MoreAnalysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1541 Words   |  7 PagesA New Perspective Everyone at one point has judged a book by its cover. In the short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, Raymond Carver creates a narrator who bases off ideas and assumptions about blind people from movies. The narrator has never interacted with a blind person before the day where his wife invites her friend, who is named Robert, to stay. The narrator and Robert have never met, but the narrator has a strong dislike towards Robert before meeting. The narrator’s closed-mindedness and misconceptionsRead MoreCathedral As A Central Catholic Church1122 Words   |  5 PagesCathedral is a central Catholic church. Differences between cathedrals and churches are that cathedrals are the seat of the bishop and a centre of worship and mission. (The Association of English Cathedrals) Because it s a central of Catholic churches, all the Catholic churches around a cathedral receives order and worship services from it. Cathedrals are known for central position in Catholic, but what we have to fo cus is beauty of their art of structures and art of symbolism. There are many CatholicRead MoreEssay on The Cathedral by Raymond Carver980 Words   |  4 PagesCathedral is a short story ultimately about enlightment, finding something more meaningful and deeper with in one self. Although from an observing point of view nothing more in the story happens then a blind man assisting the narrator in drawing a cathedral. Although as known, the narrators experience radically differs from what is actually observed. He is enlightened and opened up to a new world of vision and imagination. This brief experience will have a life long effect on him. The reasonRead MoreT.S.Eliot Murder in the Cathedral1975 Words   |  8 PagesT.S. Eliots Murder in the Cathedral tells the story of Thomas Beckett, a man who reigned as Archbishop of Canterbury during the 12th century in England until his death in 1170. In order to tell Becketts story, Eliot creates a series of equally interesting characters that each play a crucial role thought the play. The most unique rolefound within the play is the Women ofCanterbury, or the Chorus. Throughout the piece, the Chorus delivers seven choral odes. These choral odes, when looked at as aRead MoreLooking Beyond the Surface at Raymond Carvers Cathedral660 Words   |  3 PagesIt seems in life that we often look at things without really seeing them. Raymond Carver demonstrates in â€Å"Cathedral† that looking is associated to physical vision, but seeing involves a deeper level of commitment. The author is making the point when you put yourself into someone elses shoes and allow yourself to see things the way they see them, it can be the most rewarding and eye opening experience. During the exposition, the narrator shows that he has no problems with eyesight and he is capableRead MoreDurham Cathedral Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesDurham Cathedral Durham Cathedral is one of the oldest examples of Romanesque architecture present in England today. Although the cathedral was completed in the early 12th century there are signs of Gothic architecture present due to the close relation of Romanesque and Gothic styles. In Robert Scotts book The Gothic Enterprise he discusses how the early Gothic style pulled heavily from the Romanesque style of architecture and built upon its basic themes. Durham Cathedrals extensive historyRead MoreThe Canterbury Cathedral Essay2561 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Cathedral For at least fourteen hundred years the worship of God has been offered on the site of this Cathedral, and through the prayers of the Church his power and grace have shaped human lives. Ever since the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in the Cathedral in 1170, Canterbury has attracted thousands of pilgrims. This tradition continues to this day, and a large team of Welcomers, Guides, Cathedral Assistants and Chaplains are there to give all visitors a warm welcomeRead MoreAnalysis Milan Cathedral, Italy Essay751 Words   |  4 Pagesthe middle of Milan, Italy in the Piazzo del Duomo is Milan Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral and the second largest Catholic cathedral in the world. The exterior and interior appearances are aw-inspiring, commanding respect in our modern day time period and long ago during the time periods in which the Milan Cathedral was constructed. The cathedral also earned respect by being the center for community functions. The Milan Cathedral has outer height of 215 ft and a maximum width of 302 ft allowing

Games and Economic Behavior for Overconfidence- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGames and Economic Behavior for Overconfidence. Answer: Introduction Overconfidence is not just a fundamental psychological trait rather it can be considered as a well-established bias. In this case the subjective confidence of a person seems to be reliably higher than the objective accuracy of their judgements. However, there are other definitions of overconfidence as well. Author defines overconfidence as the overestimation of a persons actual performance or over precision in depicting the unwarranted certainty regarding the accuracy of the beliefs of a person. The emergence of overconfidence and its impact over the decision making processes has widely been discussed. Extensive research works have been conducted on the basis of the impact of overconfidence in the context of financial, business or corporate decision making. More specifically overconfidence can be considered as the behavioural bias which is most willingly researched by the academicians who are working in the field of economics. In other words the better than the average effect which i s simply the tendency of individuals to overestimate their expertise and capabilities relative to a reference group gives rise to direct likelihoods in the context of decision making. This assignment will solely focus on analysing three relevant journal articles which are broadly based on the impact of overconfidence on decision making. Primarily it will present summary of the three articles followed by a detailed analysis of those individual articles. Finally each of the articles will be compared and contrasted with respect to the other, for instance their similarities or difference will be discussed. Afterwards a discussion section will be there where the relevant understanding developed through reading these papers will be discussed and then certain recommendations will be provided. Article Summary This paper considers overconfidence as an effect which is named as better than average effect and this compels people to assume that believe that their skills and capabilities are over and above the average level. The paper will focus on developing an experimental paradigm through which a distinction could be made between the two potentially possible clarifications for the effect; these are specifically overconfidence and rational information processing (Merkle Weber, 2011). In order to do so an experiment has been conducted. The participants of the experiment were asked to enumerate their relative position within the populace through stating their distribution of complete trust. However, the findings of the paper portray the fact that people holds specific beliefs regarding their capabilities in inexplicably different fields or genres which are sometimes inconsistent with the rational information processing. These people have depicted considerably high over-placement at both the in dividual level as well as the aggregate level. Henceforth, the paper comes into a concluding fact that overconfidence cannot only be regarded as a simple trait of overconfidence rather it is a result of a psychological bias (Merkle Weber, 2011). In the second paper emphasises over the impacts of overconfidence over the incentive contracts in the context of a moral hazard framework. It has been observed that the overconfidence of an agent can impose certain conflicting impacts on the equilibrium contract. On one side of the spectrum, an overconfident or optimistic agent may value the success-contingent payments disproportionately and hence prefers incentives which are high-powered (De la Rosa, 2011). On the other end of the spectrum, when the involved agent overestimates the degree to which his or her actions can affect the outcomes, whereas the low-powered incentives are adequate to persuade any given level of effort. On an added notion, when an agent is soberly overconfident, the effect stated latter dominates. This is because in such a case the agent bears less risk there are gains in efficiency gains which is stemming from the his or her overconfidence (De la Rosa, 2011). Again when the agent is extremely overconfident, t he former effect will dominate and then the agent will get exposed to a great amount of risk. At that point of time any gains will be generated only through risk sharing under disagreement. The findings of the paper depicts that a rise in the level of overconfidence or optimism raises the implemented effort in equilibrium. This paper is constructed on the basis of five experiments which strictly exhibit the fact that previous experience of possessing power certainly leads towards overconfident decision making. The study will make use of different instantiations of power that includes an episodic recall task (in experiments 1-3), a measure of power which is related to work (in experiment 4) and assigning of high and low power role (experiment 5) as well as the power produced overconfident decisions which gave rise to significant monetary loses on the part of the powerful (Fast et al., 2012). The findings of the paper clearly depict the fact that the presence of power plays an important role in generating these tendencies of decision making. Primarily, the sense of power not the mood influences the link between overconfidence and power (experiment 3). Secondarily, the linkage between the overconfidence and power was detached when power not accessible to the powerful as well as when the powerful was made to feel incompatible in their genre of power (Fast et al., 2012). These findings portrays that when the presence of objective power makes the people feel subjectively powerful then it gives rise to overconfident decision making. Article Analysis- Analyse Each Article As the first paper specifies that in a recent academic literature the notion of overconfidence has been challenged as this was only analysed in the domain of economics and psychology previously. They criticised the use of conventional methodology while explaining the better than average effect. The authors who raised the argument also showed the fact that in a simple signalling framework; the processing of rational information will lead to the results which were previously considered as the evidence of overconfidence (Merkle Weber, 2011). Now in order to overcome the criticisms posed by these authors the current research work is based on a strategic guideline which will be able to indicate the existence of real overconfidence. This will be done through the improving the previous research methodology. The researchers observed that there are many different sets of opinions which are able to providee the same result whenever they are aggregated. However, in this context the Bayesian posteriors and the actual overconfidence are typically same. Therefore in order to fetch more detailed beliefs of the participants regarding different domains which were previously associated with overconfidence, underconfidence and overoptimism the authors had designed two different experiments (Merkle Weber, 2011). Along a quantile scale the self-evaluation were performed that elaborated the ability distribution compared with a peer group. In accordance with this scale the participants provided the estimates which in turn represent their subjective probability of falling into each of the skill quantile. This extended valuation of the test allowed the researchers to re-verify whether the results were in accordance with the rational information processing or not. The results obtained from the test depicted that there exists substantial amount of overconfidence in the belief distribution of the participants of the experiment (Merkle Weber, 2011). Most of the people found that their probability of falling in the high quantile in higher. Moreover, interestingly, the unskilled exhibits depicted overconfidence. However, the research work also found the fact that the theoretical criticisms as posed by the previous researchers have only certain practical values regarding overconfidence research. The standard model of principle-agent has been used widely to determine the incentive structure in different organisations. It thoroughly provides a detailed overview of the forces that give form to the incentive contracts on basis of the assumption of full rationality (De la Rosa, 2011). There are many instances that people are often overconfident about their future prospects and ability. This is the behavioural characteristic that seems important regarding the agency problem. The paper aims to enumerate the impact of overconfidence of the agents in a moral hazard model, significantly its influence over the equilibrium contract. Overconfidence of agents may give rise to conflicting results within the equilibrium contract. On one hand, if the agent is overconfident, a lower amount of compensation is sufficient to bring any level of effort rather compared to the effort which is cost-effective. This is referred to as Incentive Effect of overconfidence; it thrusts the equilibrium contract towards low-powered incentives. In the other end, when the salesman is overconfident confident enough he or she will certainly overestimate the probability of the sale, at this point of time he or she will find a high commissioned contract of incentive more lucrative than a realistic agent would (De la Rosa, 2011). This is because the owner will believe that she will have to pay the commission more frequently. At that point it will seem that hiring a person with high powered incentive and lower base salary is more attractive, this is termed as the Wager Effect of overconfidence. Interestingly the findings of the paper depicts t hat overconfidence of the agents can be beneficial if measures in terms of efficiency (De la Rosa, 2011). The third paper is solely concerned about the fact that though overconfidence among the powerful have always remained a widely discussed issue, lesser focus in given over the psychological and sociological factors which gives rise to the overconfidence. The research work will try to examine this relationship between the sociological and psychological factors with the occurrence of overconfidence. This will not only focus on the factors that give rise to overconfidence but also explore when it is more likely to take place (Fast et al., 2012). The substitute explanations of the existence of overconfidence within the powerful will also be examined in this research. It may be a case that the overconfident individuals are more attracted towards power and are more likely to achieve a high-powered position. If this is the case then promoting only those who does not have a tendency towards overconfidence would certainly help to resolve the problem. On the other hand, when a person has pre-ex isting experience of possessing power it may give rise to overconfidence which will in turn make it difficult to tame relationship between overconfidence and power (Fast et al., 2012). This paper has broadly examined why when and how the emergence of power will lead to overconfidence. In order to do so the researchers have conducted five baseline experiments and these experiments were so designed that the findings of an experiment substantiates the findings of the other experiment. The experiments conducted revealed the fact that psychologically experiencing power can lead to the overconfident decision making. Article Comparison The key similarity between all the three articles is that all of them are based on the emergence of overconfidence and its impact on decision making process. All the researchers have tried to establish the fact that overconfidence is not only a psychological trait; rather there are certain other factors as well which gives rise to this overconfidence. It is also a matter of fact that all the articles analysed in the assignment clearly depict that overconfidence may lead to wrong decision making. If this decision is regarding the economy or the financial aspects of an organisation it may harm the core interests of the firm adversely. On the contrary sometimes overconfident decision may also benefit the organisation as well. However, from the primary viewpoint there are huge dissimilarities among the research works. The first article traces out the key reason behind the emergence of overconfidence, while the second one approaches on overconfidence through the traditional principle agent framework. The third, article also explains overconfidence in the light of pre-existing experience of possessing power. This means that the third article states if a person has experience of possessing power he or she will be more likely to be overconfident. Hence it can be said that although the research works stated above are concentrated on the same factor, each of them has tried to approach it from different perspectives. Discussion After analysing and reviewing all the articles it can be clearly said that all of them are based on rational assumptions. The findings are quite plausible which are obtained on the basis of the calculations and analysis. Hence it is quite evident that these research works are very well written and based on logically established calculations. However, as all of the articles are based on overconfidence, on a recommendation note it can be said that people should not always base their decisions under the influence of overconfidence. Though it may sound contradictory but it is necessary to mention that sometimes overconfident decisions may also sound beneficial for the decision maker, though it is quite rare. Works Cited De la Rosa, L.E., 2011. Overconfidence and moral hazard. Games and Economic Behavior, 73(2), pp.429-51. Fast, N.J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N.D. Galinsky, A.D.., 2012. Power and overconfident decision-making. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117(2), pp.249-60. Merkle, C. Weber, M.., 2011. True overconfidence: The inability of rational information processing to account for apparent overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(2), pp.262-71.

Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Example

Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Ka rachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. 12) Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. 13) BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. 14) The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. 16) Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. 17) Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. 19) Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urdu Point. 20) South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. 21) I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was truly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. - INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan. This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young peoples minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history books, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for the cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other. So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled Jinnah of Pakistan, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. - - CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Ra jput who converted to Islam. Jinnahs family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shia Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He Became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison. Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†. Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates. Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of talks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim League That was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province. After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of Indias Muslims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India. Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a Day of Deliverance from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution. Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? - CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time. In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called Pakistan. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†. Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic. On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the Leagues exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetings In 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhis overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The Leagues influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946. Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about Quaid Some revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor situation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland. Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. He wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnahs Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of Quaid In 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, Settlement can only be achieved between equals. He also had a rebuttal to Nehrus statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and equal partner within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term Pakistan in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word Pakistan. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å"I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†. Jinnah, 11August 1947 presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims Hindus, Christians, and Parses but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him. On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am. Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to Foreign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am. Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of Pakistan Quaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come. Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment. I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. * 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. * Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. * Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. * Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. * Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urd u Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. * Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. * The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk - - THE END†¦ - - - Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Example Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Essay Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Ka rachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. 12) Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. 13) BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. 14) The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. 16) Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. 17) Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. 19) Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urdu Point. 20) South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. 21) I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was truly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. - INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan. This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young peoples minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history books, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for the cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other. So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled Jinnah of Pakistan, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. - - CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Ra jput who converted to Islam. Jinnahs family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shia Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He Became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison. Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†. Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates. Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of talks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim League That was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province. After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of Indias Muslims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India. Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a Day of Deliverance from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution. Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? - CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time. In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called Pakistan. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†. Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic. On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the Leagues exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetings In 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhis overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The Leagues influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946. Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about Quaid Some revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor situation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland. Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. He wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnahs Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of Quaid In 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, Settlement can only be achieved between equals. He also had a rebuttal to Nehrus statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and equal partner within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term Pakistan in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word Pakistan. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å"I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†. Jinnah, 11August 1947 presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims Hindus, Christians, and Parses but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him. On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am. Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to Foreign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am. Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of Pakistan Quaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come. Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment. I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBCs Poll for South Asias greatest ever leader. * 1947 August. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * I Remember Jinnah. Daily Dawn (newspaper). Jinnahs speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 11 August 1947. * Jinnahs Thought at a Glance. Yes Pakistan. com. * Jinnah: South Asias greatest ever leader. * Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Story of Pakistan. * Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948). Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * Pictures of Quaid (Album). Urd u Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Government of Pakistan Website. * Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * South Asias Clarence Darrow. Chow. * The Father of Pakistan. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk - - THE END†¦ - - -

Transition Year free essay sample

Personally, Work experience was the main reason I chose to do transition year. In third year we are expected to choose our subjects for the leaving certificate. These subjects will then affect college courses available to us and also careers in the future. I had no idea what I wanted to study in college in third year and therefore felt incapable Of choosing subjects that could possibly affect the rest of my life then decided transition year was the only option for me. The idea of experiencing a work setting and sampling the work sounded very appealing to me.For a while had my heart set on studying dentistry and becoming a dental nurse and when the time came to apply for work experience a dentists was on the top of my list. However as I began to imagine the different procedures I would witness that week felt queasy. I quickly withdrew my application. We will write a custom essay sample on Transition Year or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This became the first lesson work experience taught me. Then decided to go to my old primary school. Enjoyed every minute of my time there! I got so many chances to learn new skills and improve on skills already possess .During the week I spoke to any classroom teachers, resource teachers and classroom assistants. Found primary school teaching really appealing as a career. Would never have known about my interest in primary school teaching if it wasnt for the insight into it provided by work experience. Know have looked at courses that are suitable and I am aiming to study education with psychology. Work experience can be used wrongly by some students however; who chose to attend a place where they have no interest in and only believe it will be easy work and may have a chance of payment. Work experience also takes students out of the classroom for 2 weeks of the school year. However I believe the positives outweigh the negative. Work experience in my opinion is the most valuable experience offered to transition year students strongly disagree with the opening statement work experience in transition year is a waste of time Work experience is time well spent in my opinion; it has given me career aspirations and more clarity on subjects to choose for my leaving certificate.

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buy custom Business and Consumer Transaction essay Kompact Scooter Ltd (KS), the leading designers and manufacturers of electric scooters with the rechargeable batteries, plans to counter competition by completely blocking any possible entry of its competitors into the common market that is has already permeated in both United Kingdom and France. Its proposed terms to the intermediary sales companies (FR and SP) as contained in its five year agreements with the two companies grossly contravenes Article 101 of the Treaty of the Function European Union (TFEU) in a number of ways. Article 101 TFEU prohibits any agreement between two or more undertakings as well coordinated practices that might bear a direct economic impact between the member states and in turn restricts healthy competition within the segments of the common market. KS demonstrates a number of such prohibitions in its agreements with the distributor companies, FR and SP. It singlehandedly fixes the retail and purchase prices of its products and other terms of trade without involving the FR and SP. In their decisions and agreement involving the undertakings, the manufacturer imposes sort of monopoly by secluding its distributors from establishing any form of connections or dealings with other suppliers and consumers of the same product (electric scooter) outside their authorized area of operations. As such, the restrictions KS impose on its undertakings by the use of a faulty trade agreement hinder competition. In this case, Regulation 330/2010 can only apply if the agreement made between the undertakings, decision made by associations of undertakings, or concerted practice directly contribute towards enhancing production or circulation of the scooter within the common market or ensure consumer and regional economic benefit without necessarily eliminating competition. It is most notable that similar exemptions of the Article 101 (1) TFEU by the Regulation 330/2010 is also evident in Belgium whereby the law of distribution innocuous set of agreements brewers and pubs excluded foreign beers from the Belgian pubs. This only applies when an imminent competition from the outside seems overwhelming to allow the growth of local or regional industries. Buy custom Business and Consumer Transaction essay

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been Essay

To what extent has internationalisation of Chinas firms been successful Why do Chinas firms, especially large ones, internationalise their operations) Use business examples to illustrate your argument - Essay Example le of the approaches of the organisations and their behaviours is decisively important in mounting the performance of the business units in the contemporary business world. It is believed that structures and the behaviours of the organisations towards their business growth and operations have further determined the operational direction of the business upto a considerable extent. It has been apparently observed that the approach of the modern day organisations in business is multidimensional in nature which includes various noteworthy activities such as leadership, creativity and motivation that collectively contribute towards organisational success. It is worth mentioning that efficacy of the organisations in every possible business domain will ensure its position in the global business environment and work as a major influential factor for organisational performance in the long run (Ding, Michele, and Pavlovich 148-152). Contextually, it has been analysed that the performance of an y business is also largely dependent on the approach of the companies towards gaining a competitive position in the global business market. For instance, the companies that bind their operations limited to that of national boundaries will not be able to gain long-term sustainability and maximum growth for the business. This aspect further encourages companies to perform with utmost courage and take every possible step to grow the business operations on a larger scale. This aspect is also accompanied by the approach of the businesses towards globalising their business operations and operating in more competitive environment further enhancing the competitive competency of the business. This approach of modern day companies towards enhancing or expanding their business operations in the global business market is termed as internationalisation. It is evident that owing to globalisation companies intend to expand their business operations in the global platform for ensuring their wider